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Related Concept Videos

The Citric Acid Cycle02:36

The Citric Acid Cycle

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The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, consists of several energy-generating reactions that yield one ATP molecule, three NADH molecules, one FADH2 molecule, and two CO2 molecules.
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The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview01:37

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In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are oxidized into carbon dioxide and energy. This process is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as the first product of the cycle, citric acid, contains three carboxyl groups in its structure. Alternatively, this cycle is also referred to as the Krebs cycle, in honor of its discoverer Sir Hans Krebs.
The citric...
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Respiration Pathways01:26

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Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process that enables organisms to generate energy from organic molecules. One of its central pathways is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which plays a crucial role in energy production and biosynthetic processes.Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoAThe pyruvate generated from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH, and one...
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The Citric Acid Cycle: Output01:28

The Citric Acid Cycle: Output

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The citric acid cycle is termed an amphibolic pathway as it operates both anabolically and catabolically. The cyclic reactions balance the flux of the substrates to provide an optimal concentration of NADH and ATP to the cell.
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Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism01:28

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Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these atoms are arranged differently. Most lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
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Metabolic Pathway Confirmation and Discovery Through 13C-labeling of Proteinogenic Amino Acids
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The mercapturic acid pathway.

Patrick E Hanna1, M W Anders2

  • 1Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

Critical Reviews in Toxicology
|January 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The mercapturic acid pathway detoxifies harmful compounds, forming mercapturic acids that can be urinary biomarkers. However, some metabolites can be bioactivated, causing harmful effects.

Keywords:
Glutathione transferaseNAT8aminoacylasebiomarkercysteine S-conjugate N-acetyltransferasedipeptidasemercapturomic profilemoonlighting proteintransportγ-glutamyltransferase

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Functional Complementation Analysis FCA: A Laboratory Exercise Designed and Implemented to Supplement the Teaching of Biochemical Pathways
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Toxicology
  • Metabolomics

Background:

  • The mercapturic acid pathway is crucial for detoxifying xenobiotics and endobiotics.
  • Mercapturic acids (N-acetyl-l-cysteine S-conjugates) are key metabolites in this pathway.
  • This pathway generates a unique metabolic profile known as the "mercapturomic" profile.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the sequential enzymatic steps in mercapturic acid formation.
  • To highlight the role of mercapturic acids as potential biomarkers for chemical exposure.
  • To explore the dual nature of the pathway, involving both detoxification and potential bioactivation.

Main Methods:

  • Enzymatic assays to characterize the sequential actions of glutathione transferases, γ-glutamyltransferases, dipeptidases, and cysteine S-conjugate N-acetyltransferase.
  • Analysis of urinary mercapturic acids as potential biomarkers.
  • Investigation of cysteine S-conjugate bioactivation by cysteine S-conjugate β-lyase.

Main Results:

  • Detailed the formation of mercapturic acids from glutathione S-conjugates through several enzymatic steps.
  • Identified urinary mercapturic acids as potential biomarkers for chemical exposure.
  • Demonstrated that while generally detoxifying, the pathway can lead to bioactivation of certain cysteine S-conjugates, with implications for pathophysiological effects.

Conclusions:

  • The mercapturic acid pathway is a complex system involved in xenobiotic metabolism, detoxification, and elimination.
  • Mercapturic acids and their profiles offer insights into chemical exposure and metabolic status.
  • The pathway's enzymes may exhibit moonlighting functions, performing roles beyond their catalytic activity.