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Related Concept Videos

The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Auditory Pathway01:15

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

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Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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Related Experiment Video

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Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach
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Coding of Electrical Stimulation Patterns for Binaural Sound Coding Strategies for Cochlear Implants.

Reemt Hinrichs, Tom Gajecki, Jorn Ostermann

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |January 18, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a new method for coding electrical signals in cochlear implants (CIs), improving speech intelligibility. The developed excitation pattern (EP) codec offers higher quality at a reduced bit-rate compared to traditional audio codecs.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Signal Processing
    • Auditory Neuroscience

    Background:

    • Binaural sound coding strategies enhance speech intelligibility for cochlear implant (CI) users, but require inter-CI signal transmission.
    • Low power consumption in CIs necessitates efficient coding and bit-rate reduction for transmitted signals.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and evaluate a novel, low-delay codec for coding electrical signals (excitation patterns - EP) in CIs, aiming for improved efficiency and quality.
    • To compare the performance of the proposed EP codec against a standard audio codec (G.722) using objective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measures.

    Main Methods:

    • Designed a differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) based codec with zero algorithmic delay specifically for coding the EP of the Advanced Combination Encoder (ACE) sound coding strategy.
    • Evaluated the codec's performance on two audio datasets, measuring the mean signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as the primary objective quality metric.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed EP codec achieved a mean SNR 0.5 to 13.9 dB higher than the G.722 audio codec.
    • The developed codec operated at a mean bit-rate between 34.1 and 40.3 kbit/s, significantly lower than G.722's 64 kbit/s.

    Conclusions:

    • Coding excitation patterns (EP) directly offers a more efficient and higher-quality approach for inter-CI signal transmission compared to coding raw audio signals.
    • The developed DPCM-based EP codec presents a promising solution for enhancing cochlear implant functionality while adhering to power constraints.