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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Overview
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Related Experiment Videos

Panel 8: Vaccines and immunology.

Mark R Alderson1, Tim Murphy2, Stephen I Pelton3

  • 1PATH, Seattle, WA, USA.

International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
|January 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Recent advances in otitis media (OM) vaccines show promise, with new candidates targeting key pathogens like nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Moraxella catarrhalis. Further research and stakeholder engagement are crucial for developing effective OM vaccines to reduce global health burdens.

Keywords:
Adaptive immunityClinical trialInnate immun*Otitis media ANDVaccine

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Area of Science:

  • * Otitis Media (OM) research
  • * Vaccine development and immunology
  • * Public health and infectious diseases

Background:

  • * Otitis media (OM) remains a significant global health burden, particularly concerning morbidity.
  • * Existing pneumococcal vaccines show efficacy against specific serotypes but do not cover all causative agents.
  • * Advances in understanding OM immunology and pathogen interactions are crucial for developing new interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To review significant advances in otitis media (OM) vaccine development and immunology since 2015.
  • * To identify current knowledge gaps and future research directions in OM prevention.
  • * To highlight the need for multi-species vaccines and improved diagnostic tools for OM.

Main Methods:

  • * Comprehensive literature review of studies published since the 19th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media (ISOM) in 2015.
  • * PubMed database and National Library of Medicine were utilized for data retrieval.
  • * Expert panel review and discussion of key topics, culminating in a consensus manuscript.

Main Results:

  • * Licensed pneumococcal vaccines reduce OM caused by vaccine serotypes, but non-vaccine serotypes and other otopathogens persist.
  • * Novel vaccines targeting nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), Moraxella catarrhalis, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) are in clinical trials.
  • * Maternal and mucosal vaccination strategies show potential for OM prevention.
  • * Molecular diagnostics are essential for accurate assessment of vaccine impact on OM etiology, including biofilm-associated infections.

Conclusions:

  • * Development of multi-species vaccines is essential to reduce the global burden of otitis media.
  • * Influenza vaccination can prevent acute OM, and novel vaccines offer promising prevention strategies.
  • * Addressing funding limitations for vaccines against predominant otopathogens like NTHi and M. catarrhalis is critical.
  • * Demonstrating the economic and social benefits of OM vaccines, including reducing antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), is key to stakeholder engagement.