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Related Concept Videos

Action Potential01:14

Action Potential

10.5K
Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
Membrane potential in neurons
Neurons typically have a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts (mV). When they receive...
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Action Potential01:31

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Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
Membrane potential in neurons
Neurons typically have a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts (mV). When they receive...
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Propagation of Action Potentials01:23

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The propagation of an action potential refers to the process by which a nerve impulse, or "action potential," travels along a neuron.
Neurons (nerve cells) have a resting membrane potential, with a slightly negative charge inside compared to outside. This is maintained by ion channels, such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) channels, which control the flow of ions. When a stimulus, like a touch or a signal from another neuron, triggers the neuron, sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to...
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Generation of Action Potential in Skeletal Muscles01:24

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Every cell in the body maintains a membrane potential due to an uneven distribution of positive and negative charges across its plasma membrane. The membrane potential is measured in millivolts and quantifies the difference in charge across the membrane.
Like neurons, muscle cells are also regarded as excitable due to their capacity to change in response to stimuli, primarily due to voltage-gated ion channels embedded in their plasma membranes, which get activated by alterations in the...
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Action Potentials01:41

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Overview
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Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation01:28

Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation

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The action potential is a complex electrical event that occurs in excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. It consists of several distinct phases, each with specific characteristics.
Resting Phase:
In this phase, the cell's membrane is at its resting potential, typically around -70 millivolts (mV) for neurons. Inside the cell, there is a higher concentration of potassium ions (K+) and a lower concentration of sodium ions (Na+). Voltage-gated sodium channels are closed, and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 30, 2025

Real-time Electrophysiology: Using Closed-loop Protocols to Probe Neuronal Dynamics and Beyond
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A model for human action potential dynamics in vivo.

Richard A Gray1, Michael R Franz2,3

  • 1Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.

American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology
|January 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study developed a minimal human cardiac action potential model using patient data. The model accurately reproduces complex electrophysiological dynamics during premature stimulation, aiding reentry initiation research.

Keywords:
action potentialarrhythmiacomputer simulationhuman ventricular myocytesprogrammed electrical stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiac Electrophysiology
  • Computational Modeling
  • Human Ventricular Tissue

Background:

  • Clinical human action potential (AP) data is scarce, limiting research.
  • Existing models often lack detailed understanding of repolarization and reexcitability dynamics.
  • Investigating complex dynamics during premature stimulation is crucial for understanding arrhythmias.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a minimal human AP ionic model based on in vivo recordings.
  • To investigate the electrophysiological response to programmed electrical stimulation (PES).
  • To model the initiation and dynamics of reentry in human ventricular tissue.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a minimal human AP model using clinical monophasic AP recordings.
  • Incorporated voltage-clamp data on intracellular calcium's effect on sodium current.
  • Simulated PES with varying extrastimuli and modeled reentry dynamics.

Main Results:

  • The model reproduced progressive decreases in take-off potential and conduction velocity slowing during PES.
  • Simulations replicated large take-off potential elevations and progressive encroachment.
  • Model demonstrated reentry formation with positive APD gradients, but not negative ones, mimicking clinical observations.

Conclusions:

  • The developed human AP model accurately reproduces complex dynamics during premature stimulation.
  • The model provides a basis for studying reentry initiation in human ventricular tissue.
  • This computational approach advances understanding of cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmia mechanisms.