Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

9.1K
Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
9.1K
Caspases01:24

Caspases

13.5K
Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
13.5K
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

7.9K
The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
7.9K
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

8.1K
Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
8.1K
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

4.2K
Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
4.2K
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

13.7K
Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
13.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Circulating carbohydrate antigen Ca10H predicts favorable prognosis in colorectal cancer.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Metabolic support of trained immune responses in myeloid cells.

eLife·2026
Same author

Elevated sCD25 predicts early infection in patients with major burns.

Critical care (London, England)·2026
Same author

HIF-1α and HIF-2α differentially regulate alveolar macrophage maturation and function.

Cell reports·2026
Same author

Mitochondrial complex I activity promotes antigen cross-presentation in dendritic cells.

Science immunology·2026
Same author

Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor deficiency attenuates experimental atherosclerosis.

Frontiers in immunology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 30, 2025

In Vivo Biosensor Tracks Non-apoptotic Caspase Activity in Drosophila
13:21

In Vivo Biosensor Tracks Non-apoptotic Caspase Activity in Drosophila

Published on: November 27, 2016

9.4K

Clec2d Joins the Cell Death Sensor Ranks.

Carlos Del Fresno1, David Sancho1

  • 1Immunobiology Lab, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain.

Immunity
|January 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immune cells sense tissue damage to regulate inflammation and repair. Lai et al. reveal the C-type lectin receptor Clec2d detects histones released from necrotic cells, contributing to inflammation and immunopathology.

More Related Videos

Measuring Caspase Activity Using a Fluorometric Assay or Flow Cytometry
05:29

Measuring Caspase Activity Using a Fluorometric Assay or Flow Cytometry

Published on: March 24, 2023

5.3K
Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
09:18

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Published on: December 27, 2016

9.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 30, 2025

In Vivo Biosensor Tracks Non-apoptotic Caspase Activity in Drosophila
13:21

In Vivo Biosensor Tracks Non-apoptotic Caspase Activity in Drosophila

Published on: November 27, 2016

9.4K
Measuring Caspase Activity Using a Fluorometric Assay or Flow Cytometry
05:29

Measuring Caspase Activity Using a Fluorometric Assay or Flow Cytometry

Published on: March 24, 2023

5.3K
Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
09:18

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Published on: December 27, 2016

9.0K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Medicine

Background:

  • Immune cells have ancient functions in sensing tissue damage.
  • This sensing is crucial for regulating inflammation, tissue repair, and immunity.
  • Cell death triggers inflammatory responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of C-type lectin receptor Clec2d in sensing cell death.
  • To understand how Clec2d contributes to inflammation and immunopathology.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the function of Clec2d in immune responses.
  • Analyzed the interaction of Clec2d with molecules released during cell death.
  • Studied the contribution of Clec2d to inflammatory processes in vivo.

Main Results:

  • Clec2d acts as a direct sensor of cell death.
  • Clec2d specifically detects histones released during necrosis.
  • This detection by Clec2d promotes inflammation and immunopathology.

Conclusions:

  • Clec2d plays a significant role in the innate immune response to tissue damage.
  • Histones released from necrotic cells are key danger signals detected by Clec2d.
  • Targeting Clec2d may offer therapeutic strategies for inflammatory diseases.