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Updated: Dec 30, 2025

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect
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Postpartum infertility in common chimpanzees.

Charles E Graham1, Elaine J Struthers1, William C Hobson1

  • 1Primate Research Institute, New Mexico State University, Holloman Air Force Base.

American Journal of Primatology
|January 19, 2020
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Prolonged postpartum amenorrhea in chimpanzees can be pathological, linked to high prolactin. Breast stimulation, not nursing, may maintain this condition, which is treatable with prolactin-lowering drugs.

Keywords:
amenorrheaapenursingprolactin

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Area of Science:

  • Primate reproductive endocrinology
  • Comparative mammalian physiology

Background:

  • Postpartum amenorrhea (PPAm) in chimpanzees resembles human patterns, influenced by nursing.
  • Excessively prolonged PPAm (7-26 months) occurred in 24% of cases when infants were removed at birth.
  • This prolonged PPAm is a pathological condition linked to elevated prolactin and galactorrhea.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the behavioral basis of prolonged postpartum amenorrhea in chimpanzees without nursing.
  • Compare breast and genital manipulation in PPAm, normal postpartum, and cycling chimpanzees.
  • Evaluate the efficacy of Bromocryptine and Pergolide in treating PPAm.

Main Methods:

  • Observed breast and genital manipulation in PPAm, normal postpartum, and cycling chimpanzees.
  • Assessed the impact of isolation on cycling in partner-stimulated and self-stimulating PPAm animals.
  • Administered Bromocryptine Mesylate and Pergolide to PPAm chimpanzees and monitored prolactin levels and cyclicity.

Main Results:

  • PPAm chimpanzees exhibited significant breast manipulation (nipple spooling), unlike other groups.
  • Isolation led to resumed cycling in partner-stimulated PPAm animals but not self-stimulators.
  • Bromocryptine and Pergolide treatments reduced prolactin levels and significantly shortened PPAm duration, with Pergolide being more effective.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic breast stimulation, potentially self-induced, may maintain pathological postpartum amenorrhea in chimpanzees.
  • Interruption of breast stimulation can facilitate the resumption of cyclicity.
  • Dopaminergic agonists like Bromocryptine and Pergolide are effective treatments for pathological PPAm in chimpanzees by reducing prolactin levels.