Addressing Gender-Related Implicit Bias in Surgical Resident Physician Education: A Set of Guidelines

While it is the goal of academic institutions to train male and female resident physicians equally, gender-related implicit bias may play a role in resident training, thus impacting the quality and fairness of education. Implicit bias may be one of the reasons for the discrepancies that exist in resident training, specifically in learning style, evaluations by faculty members, and treatment of female residents by other clinicians. Patterns of systemic gender-related implicit bias, we argue, remain pervasive in the healthcare system and affect medical education. This review identifies areas of surgical education that are susceptible to gender-related bias and provides recommendations to safeguard gender equity in resident education. We believe behavioral change can help maintain an inclusive learning environment. Using evidence from existing data, we generated guidelines to provide surgical educators in academic centers with information to further understanding of, training in, and steps toward overcoming gender-related implicit bias in resident education. Our guidelines include specific recommendations for educators to require training modules, remove bias from teaching resources, use formal introductory titles, maintain comparable evaluations, encourage women in surgery, adjust instructional methods, and caution self-reporting.