Selected cardiovascular risk factors in early stages of chronic kidney disease

Area of Science:

• Nephrology and Cardiology
• Biomarker Discovery

Background:

• Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are highly prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients.
• Standard biomarkers have limitations in assessing CVD risk in CKD.
• Emerging biomarkers related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis offer new insights.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review literature on novel cardiovascular risk factors in early-stage CKD.
• To explore the potential of new biomarkers for early CVD detection in CKD.
• To highlight the need for research in early-stage CKD populations.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature review of publications on cardiovascular risk factors in early CKD.
• Analysis of emerging biomarkers including oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, calcification, and fibrosis markers.
• Focus on studies relevant to early-stage CKD, distinguishing from end-stage renal disease populations.

Main Results:

• Several new biomarkers show potential for assessing CVD risk in CKD.
• Current evidence is limited by a lack of large, randomized trials.
• Most research focuses on advanced or end-stage renal disease, necessitating more studies in early CKD stages.

Conclusions:

• Emerging biomarkers offer a promising future for identifying CVD risk in early CKD.
• Further research, particularly large randomized trials, is needed to validate these markers for routine clinical use.
• Early detection of CVD risk in early CKD can lead to improved prognosis and treatment adjustments.