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Estimation of Current and Future Physiological States in Insular Cortex.

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The insular cortex (InsCtx) tracks internal body states like hunger and thirst. It integrates internal signals with external cues to predict future physiological states.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Physiology
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Interoception, sensing internal body signals, is crucial for homeostasis, cognition, and emotions.
  • The human insular cortex (InsCtx) is involved in interoception, but its cellular and circuit mechanisms are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cellular and circuit mechanisms of interoception in the mouse insular cortex (InsCtx).
  • To determine how InsCtx activity relates to physiological states of hunger and thirst and their prediction.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo calcium imaging of mouse InsCtx neurons during natural and artificially induced hunger and thirst.
  • Activation of specific hypothalamic neurons (AgRP for hunger, SFOGLUT for thirst).
  • Circuit-mapping experiments to understand neural pathways.

Main Results:

  • InsCtx ongoing activity reflected physiological satiety but not behavioral changes during natural homeostasis.
  • Artificial induction of hunger/thirst restored cue-evoked seeking behavior, yet InsCtx activity remained indicative of satiety.
  • Food/water cues shifted InsCtx activity towards future satiety patterns during natural states, and beyond satiety patterns during artificial states.

Conclusions:

  • Insular cortex (InsCtx) integrates visceral sensory information about the current physiological state.
  • InsCtx integrates hypothalamus-gated amygdala inputs signaling upcoming ingestion to predict future physiological states.
  • These findings elucidate the neural computations underlying interoception and motivated behaviors.