Current concepts of pharmacotherapy of diabetic macular edema

Introduction: Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a sight threatening disease and a major cause for blindness for people in working age. The pathogenesis is multifactorial and complex. The pharmacotherapy of DME addresses both the inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by the intravitreal injection of VEGF inhibitors and inflammatory processes by the intravitreal application of steroids. Several trials have been published reporting on the efficacy and safety of these treatments.Areas covered: This review discusses original research articles including basic science and clinical studies as well as review articles focusing on the role of inflammation and VEGF expression in DME. It discusses newly published clinical trials on intravitreal pharmacotherapy for DME. The literature was searched using Medline/PubMed and was selected given its relevance for the topic to be discussed.Expert opinion: Our knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of diabetic macular edema has significantly increased. Some of these insights have been successfully transferred into current treatment strategies already including VEGF suppression or anti-inflammatory treatments using steroids. The identification of additional pathophysiological aspects and their relevance as potential treatment targets will be a future challenge in the treatment of DME. A better knowledge on the complex pathophysiology will also help to establish combination strategies.