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Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Sodium plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and overall bodily homeostasis. Sodium balance is primarily regulated by kidney function, which adjusts sodium elimination to match dietary intake and maintain proper electrolyte levels. Sodium is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and is found in salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Although cellular plasma membranes are relatively impermeable to sodium, its role in...
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Core-Shell Layered Oxide Cathode for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Cheng Chen1, Zhen Han2, Shuangqiang Chen3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan 410083 , People's Republic of China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|January 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a novel O3/O

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Sodium layered oxides are promising for large-scale energy storage due to high capacity and abundant sodium resources.
  • Structural irreversibility hinders simultaneous high-energy density and long cycle life in these materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a core-shell composite cathode material for sodium-ion batteries.
  • To integrate high specific capacity from an O-type Ni-based core with structural stability from a P2-type Mn-rich shell.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of an O3/O'3-P2 core-shell composite.
  • Multiscale electron microscopy and spectroscopy analyses to characterize the material structure.

Main Results:

  • Identification of both microscale O3/O'3-P2 core-shell and nanoscale P2/O3 intergrown structures.
  • The tailored structure mitigates microscale cracks during cycling.
  • Enhanced Na-ion diffusion through the P2-type shell.

Conclusions:

  • The developed composite demonstrates potential for high-performance sodium-ion battery cathodes.
  • This structural design offers new strategies for improving cathode material stability and performance.