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Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...

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X-chromosome...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 30, 2025

Determination of DNA Methylation of Imprinted Genes in Arabidopsis Endosperm

Determination of DNA Methylation of Imprinted Genes in Arabidopsis Endosperm

Published on: January 28, 2011

Effect of the Methylation Level on the Grape Fruit Development Process.

Haoran Jia¹, Zibo Zhang¹, Saihang Zhang¹

¹College of Horticulture , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

|January 22, 2020

Summary

DNA methylation impacts grapevine berry ripening by affecting gene expression and alternative splicing. This study reveals how methylation changes influence key ripening traits in

Keywords:

RNA-seq grape metabolome methylation ripening splicing

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Targeted DNA Methylation Analysis by Next-generation Sequencing

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Published on: February 24, 2015

Area of Science:

* Plant Biology
* Molecular Biology
* Epigenetics

Background:

* Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is a globally significant fruit crop used for fresh consumption, wine, and processed products.
* DNA methylation plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression during plant development, including fruit ripening.
* Understanding epigenetic modifications in grape berries is essential for improving cultivation and quality.

Purpose of the Study:

* To investigate the role of DNA methylation in the ripening process of 'Kyoho' grape berries.
* To identify differential genes and metabolites affected by DNA methylation changes.
* To elucidate the molecular mechanisms linking DNA methylation to grape berry ripening traits.

Main Methods:

* Comprehensive transcriptome and metabolome analysis of grape berries with and without demethylation treatments.
* Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for metabolite profiling.
* Gene cloning and promoter analysis to study the impact of methylation on gene expression and splicing.

Main Results:

* Identified numerous differentially expressed genes and metabolites associated with grape berry ripening.
* Observed intron retention in key genes (e.g., VvCHS, VvDFR, VvGST) due to methylation imbalance affecting alternative splicing.
* Found that demethylated promoters (e.g., proVvGST4, proVvUFGT) exhibit reduced methylation susceptibility.

Conclusions:

* DNA methylation imbalance disrupts pre-mRNA alternative splicing, leading to abnormal translation and altered gene expression during grape ripening.
* Epigenetic regulation by DNA methylation is a key factor influencing grape berry ripening characteristics like color, hardness, and aroma.
* Findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of grape berry ripening and offer genetic information for future grape breeding and management.