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Air content measurement in concrete is critical for ensuring structural integrity and durability of concrete structures, especially in environments prone to severe weather conditions. Accurate air content analysis optimizes concrete's resistance to freeze-thaw cycles and enhances its workability and strength. Several methods are standardized under ASTM guidelines to measure the air content in fresh concrete, each suitable for different concrete types and conditions.
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Total voids in concrete encompass gel water volume, capillary pores, and entrapped air. Gel water (retained within the cement hydration products) and physically entrapped or adsorbed water are significant for the hydration process. For complete hydration, it's estimated that the space needed for the products of a cubic centimeter of cement doubles. Capillary pores constitute the unoccupied space within the hydrated cement paste, with their size largely influenced by the water-to-cement...
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Air entrainment in concrete significantly enhances the material's durability, especially in environments subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Introducing small air bubbles into the concrete mix acts as internal voids that accommodate the expansion of water when it freezes, thereby alleviating internal stress and preventing structural cracks. This function is crucial in climates with significant freezing and thawing, as it protects the concrete from repeated stresses that could lead to premature...
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Development of the Measuring Techniques for Estimating the Air Void System Parameters in Concrete Using 2D Analysis

Agnieszka Molendowska1, Jerzy Wawrzeńczyk1, Henryk Kowalczyk1

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Summary

Image quality significantly impacts air void analysis in concrete. This study confirms 2D surface analysis, after image correction, accurately determines air void parameters, aligning with standard 1D methods.

Keywords:
Schwartz–Saltykov methodair void distributionconcreteimage analysissurface area

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Civil Engineering
  • Concrete Technology

Background:

  • Air-entrained concrete utilizes air voids to enhance durability and freeze-thaw resistance.
  • Accurate determination of air void system parameters is crucial for quality control and performance prediction.
  • Existing methods for air void analysis have limitations, necessitating exploration of advanced techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the influence of image quality on the determination of air void system parameters in concrete.
  • To assess the efficacy of 2D surface analysis for characterizing air voids.
  • To compare 2D analysis results with established 1D linear traverse methods.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation and scanning of concrete surfaces for 2D image analysis.
  • Image processing techniques to isolate and analyze individual air voids.
  • Application of the Schwartz-Saltykov method for 3D void reconstruction from 2D data.
  • Comparison of 2D analysis results with the linear traverse (1D) method (EN 480-11).

Main Results:

  • Image correction is essential for accurate void separation and defect removal.
  • The specific surface of voids can be reliably calculated using equivalent diameter or perimeter.
  • Reconstructed 3D air void distribution and micro-air content (A300) showed good agreement with 1D method results.
  • The 2D surface analysis method demonstrated good correlation with the EN 480-11 chord length counting method.

Conclusions:

  • Optimized image quality and processing are critical for reliable 2D air void analysis.
  • 2D surface analysis provides a viable and accurate alternative to traditional 1D methods for determining air void system parameters.
  • This study validates the use of 2D image analysis for assessing the air void characteristics of concrete.