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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 30, 2025

Dissection of the Auditory Bulla in Postnatal Mice: Isolation of the Middle Ear Bones and Histological Analysis
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HMGA Genes and Proteins in Development and Evolution.

Robert Vignali1, Silvia Marracci1

  • 1Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|January 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary

High mobility group A (HMGA) proteins (HMGA1 and HMGA2) are crucial for gene expression regulation during development. Their roles in cell biology and evolutionary biology are increasingly recognized.

Keywords:
AT hookEMTHMGA1HMGA2cell cyclechromatin remodelingdevelopmentdifferentiationevolutionstemness

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • High mobility group A (HMGA) proteins, including HMGA1 and HMGA2, are small non-histone proteins.
  • They bind DNA and alter chromatin structure, influencing gene expression.
  • HMGA proteins are typically abundant during embryogenesis and downregulated in adult tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of HMGA1 and HMGA2 during development.
  • To summarize their functions in cell biology.
  • To explore their emerging involvement in evolutionary biology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on HMGA proteins.
  • Analysis of research on gene expression modulation and chromatin remodeling.
  • Examination of studies related to developmental, cellular, and evolutionary biology.

Main Results:

  • HMGA proteins play a significant role in modulating gene expression during embryonic development.
  • Their functions extend to various aspects of cell biology.
  • Emerging evidence suggests a role for HMGA1 and HMGA2 in evolutionary processes.

Conclusions:

  • HMGA proteins are key regulators of gene expression with critical roles in development.
  • Further research is warranted to fully elucidate their functions in cell and evolutionary biology.