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Related Concept Videos

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Microcracking in concrete refers to the tiny cracks that can form within the material even before any external load is applied. These microcracks typically occur at the interface between the coarse aggregate and the hydrated cement paste, often as a result of differential volume changes prompted by variations in stress-strain behavior, as well as thermal and moisture movement. Initially, these microcracks remain stable and do not grow substantially until the concrete is stressed to about 30...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 30, 2025

Full-field Strain Measurements for Microstructurally Small Fatigue Crack Propagation Using Digital Image Correlation Method
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Solidification Crack Evolution in High-Strength Steel Welding Using the Extended Finite Element Method.

Zhanglan Chen1, Jianmin Liu1, Haijun Qiu2

  • 1School of Marine Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361016, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary

A new 3-D model using the extended finite element method (XFEM) clarifies solidification cracking in high-strength steel welds. The model predicts cracks initiate at the upper weld surface due to thermal stress, guiding crack-free welding strategies.

Keywords:
3-D modelingfracture evolutionfracture modesolidification cracking

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Computational Mechanics

Background:

  • High-strength steels exhibit increased susceptibility to welding-induced solidification cracking with higher carbon equivalents.
  • The precise mechanism of solidification cracking in these steels remains incompletely understood, hindering the development of crack-free welding processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a comprehensive three-dimensional (3-D) modeling approach to elucidate the fracture behavior during high-strength steel welding.
  • To provide direct insights into the solidification cracking mechanism for achieving crack-free welding.

Main Methods:

  • A 3-D modeling method was developed utilizing the extended finite element method (XFEM).
  • The XFEM model was integrated with a full model and the output from thermo-mechanical finite element method (TM-FEM) simulations to determine fracture loads.
  • The model simulated crack initiation, propagation, and final failure under welding conditions.

Main Results:

  • Solidification cracks initiate at the upper weld surface, driven by higher thermal contraction and solidification shrinkage stresses.
  • Cracks propagate upwards to the weld surface and then downwards, leading to final failure.
  • The modeling results demonstrate strong agreement with experimental fractography and in situ observations.
  • Vertical, open, and concentrated initial defects were identified as having the highest susceptibility to solidification cracking.

Conclusions:

  • The developed XFEM model accurately predicts solidification cracking behavior in high-strength steel welds.
  • Understanding crack initiation at the upper weld surface is crucial for preventing welding defects.
  • The orientation, openness, and distribution of initial defects significantly influence cracking susceptibility, offering targets for defect mitigation.