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Related Concept Videos

Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
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Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

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Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
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Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Ex Vivo Infection of Murine Epidermis with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
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[Anal herpes simplex virus infections].

Albert Rübben1

  • 1Hautklinik am Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland. albert.ruebben@post.rwth-aachen.de.

Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, Und Verwandte Gebiete
|January 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) can cause severe anal infections and proctitis. Early diagnosis via PCR and antiviral treatment are crucial, especially given the increased risk of HIV infection associated with HSV.

Keywords:
HIV infectionPathogen detectionPolymerase chain reactionProctitisSexually transmitted diseases

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 can infect the anal region, leading to aphthous ulcers and potentially severe proctitis.
  • Symptoms of HSV-induced proctitis include fever, anal pain, bleeding, and diarrhea.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathogenic agents responsible for anal HSV infections and discuss current treatment strategies.
  • To highlight the diagnostic approaches and public health implications of these infections.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive review of existing scientific literature on HSV anal infections was conducted.

Main Results:

  • Increased incidence of HSV-1 anal infections is linked to later primary infections and rising rates of oro-genital and oro-anal sexual practices.
  • Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) remains the predominant cause of anal HSV infection due to frequent recurrences.
  • Anal and genital HSV infections significantly increase the risk of subsequent Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, with HSV-2 posing a higher risk.

Conclusions:

  • Herpes simplex virus (HSV) can cause perianal infections, anal infections, and proctitis, necessitating accurate diagnosis.
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is recommended for detecting HSV-1 and HSV-2.
  • Anal and genital HSV infections are established risk factors for acquiring HIV, particularly HSV-2 due to its recurrent nature.