113Cd NMR studies on metal-thiolate cluster formation in rabbit Cd(II)-metallothionein: evidence for a pH dependence

The formation of two metal-thiolate clusters in rabbit liver metallothionein 2 (MT) has been examined by 113Cd NMR spectroscopy at pH 7.2 and 8.6. The chemical shifts of the 113Cd resonances developing in the course of apoMT titration with 113Cd(II) ions have been compared with those of fully metal occupied 113Cd7-MT. At pH 7.2 and at low metal occupancy (less than 4), a cooperative formation of the four-metal cluster (cluster A) occurs. Further addition of 113Cd(II) ions generates all the resonances of the three-metal cluster (cluster B) in succession, suggesting cooperative metal binding to this cluster also. In contrast, similar studies at pH 8.6, at low metal occupancy (less than 4), reveal a broad NMR signal centered at 688 ppm. This observation indicates that an entirely different protein structure exists. When exactly 4 equiv of 113Cd(II) are bound to apoMT, the 113Cd NMR spectrum changes to the characteristic spectrum of cluster A. Further addition of 113Cd(II) ions again leads to the cooperative formation of cluster B. These results stress the determining role of the cluster A domain on the overall protein fold. The observed pH dependence of the cluster formation in MT can be rationalized by the different degree of deprotonation of the cysteine residues (pKa approximately 8.9), i.e., by the difference in the Gibbs free energy required to bind Cd(II) ions to the thiolate ligands at both pH values.