Partial recovery and a new population estimate of rhesus monkey populations in India

The purpose of this field study has been to assess major changes in rhesus monkey populations of north central India over a period of 28 yrs from 1959 to 1986. Population censuses have been done in Aligarh District three times per year, and extensive regional surveys were done in 1959-1960, 1964-1965, 1977-1978, and 1985-1986. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, rhesus populations in India declined more than 90%, from an estimated 2 million animals in 1960 to approximately 180,000 by 1980. These declines were attributed to increasing agricultural pressures in India, loss of primate habitats, less protection for monkeys, and high levels of trapping. In the 1970s, as India's agricultural production rose and stronger wildlife conservation programs developed, local populations of rhesus began to increase. These increases became more prominent after 1978, when India imposed a ban on export of monkeys. By 1985 a population in Aligarh District had returned to its 1960 level in total population size, although the number of groups remained low. Other local populations showed even more striking growth and greatly exceeded former levels. Some areas of India, however, have shown no improvement in rhesus populations. Overall, extensive field surveys of rural habitats in 1985-1986 showed a 53% recovery in the number of rhesus groups, and a 129% recovery in total rhesus from their low points in 1977-1978. We estimate the rhesus population of India in 1985 in the vicinity of 410,000-460,000 individuals.