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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

2.6K
Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

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Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
607
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

251
Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
251
Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

389
Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
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Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

171
Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 30, 2025

A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs
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Sarcopenia in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

Andre L Canteri1, Luana B Gusmon1, Ana C Zanini2

  • 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná Curitiba, PR, Brazil.

American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease
|January 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Prevalence of pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) patients was evaluated. Aging was linked to pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia, with distinct differences observed in women and men with HFrEF.

Keywords:
Frailtyheart failuremuscle wastingsarcopeniaskeletal myopathy

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Geriatrics
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF) is associated with muscle wasting.
  • Pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia are common in older adults and impact physical function.
  • Understanding the prevalence and associations of sarcopenia in HFrEF is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia in patients with HFrEF.
  • To investigate the relationship between sarcopenia and clinical variables, physical activity, quality of life, and diet in HFrEF patients.
  • To compare these parameters between HFrEF patients and matched controls.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving 79 HFrEF patients and 143 controls.
  • Assessment of body composition (dual-emission X-ray), handgrip strength, gait speed, and physical activity.
  • Echocardiography, quality of life questionnaires, and 24-hour nutritional recall were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Pre-sarcopenia was present in 30.4% and sarcopenia in 10.1% of HFrEF patients.
  • Pre-sarcopenic and sarcopenic patients were older, with higher creatinine levels.
  • Women with HFrEF had higher lean mass but lower strength; men had lower lean mass. Low gait speed correlated with biventricular dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • Pre-sarcopenia and sarcopenia are linked to aging in HFrEF patients.
  • Despite greater lean mass, women with HFrEF exhibit reduced strength.
  • Low gait speed in HFrEF patients is associated with biventricular systolic dysfunction.