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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Spatial and Temporal Control of T Cell Activation Using a Photoactivatable Agonist
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Spatial and Temporal Control of T Cell Activation Using a Photoactivatable Agonist

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Taming the T cell.

Joseph Martin1, Tristan Free1

  • 1Future Science Group, Unitec House, 2 Albert Place, London, UK.

Biotechniques
|January 25, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy shows promise, but challenges remain for widespread clinical use. Further research is needed to optimize CAR-T treatments for broader patient application.

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Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
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Area of Science:

  • Immunotherapy
  • Oncology
  • Cellular Therapy

Background:

  • CAR-T therapy represents a significant advancement in adoptive cell transfer immunotherapy.
  • This therapy engineers a patient's T-cells to target and destroy cancer cells expressing specific antigens.

Discussion:

  • Current CAR-T therapy faces hurdles including antigen escape, cytokine release syndrome, and neurotoxicity.
  • Manufacturing complexities and high costs also limit accessibility and routine clinical implementation.

Key Insights:

  • Recent advancements focus on improving CAR construct design and T-cell persistence.
  • Strategies to mitigate adverse effects and broaden targetable malignancies are under investigation.

Outlook:

  • Overcoming current challenges is crucial for establishing CAR-T therapy as a standard treatment modality.
  • Future directions include developing allogeneic CAR-T products and exploring novel targets for various cancers.