Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems01:17

Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems

637
Gram-negative bacteria utilize sophisticated protein secretion systems to transport proteins across their double-membrane envelope into the extracellular environment or host cells. Based on their mechanism of action, these systems are classified into one-step and two-step pathways.One-Step Secretion Systems (Types I, III, IV, and VI)One-step secretion systems bypass the periplasm entirely, forming a continuous channel that spans both the inner and outer membranes:Type I Secretion System (T1SS):...
637
Cytoskeletal Proteins in Bacteria01:29

Cytoskeletal Proteins in Bacteria

4.0K
Bacterial cells were initially considered simple, randomly organized structures lacking a cytoskeleton. However, the discovery of cytoskeleton homologs in bacteria led to the change of this opinion. Bacterial cytoskeletal filaments regulate the cell shape, cell polarity, cell division, and partitioning of plasmids during cell division. It was later discovered that bacterial cytoskeletal proteins, mainly actin and tubulin homologs, are diverse compared to their eukaryotic counterparts. On the...
4.0K
Mechanism of Conjugation01:19

Mechanism of Conjugation

654
Bacterial conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer that enables the exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells through direct contact. This process is facilitated by a donor cell carrying a conjugative plasmid, which encodes genes necessary for pilus formation, DNA replication, and transfer. The conjugative plasmid plays a central role in initiating and executing the transfer of genetic material.The tra region of the conjugative plasmid encodes proteins responsible for...
654
Bacterial Signaling01:30

Bacterial Signaling

39.9K
Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
39.9K
CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

18.6K
Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
18.6K
Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing01:28

Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing

427
Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...
427

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Chiral recognition of 2,3-dihydroxypropanesulfonate by bacterial transport proteins adapted to distinct ecological niches.

Chemical science·2026
Same author

PAC/SP3 On-Bead Carboxyl Derivatization Allows Combined C- and N-Terminomics.

Analytical chemistry·2026
Same author

Quantitative interactome mapping of skeletal muscle insulin resistance.

Molecular systems biology·2026
Same author

Bacterial targeting of the neutrophil inhibitory receptor LILRB3 to evade antibody immunity.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Optimized cumate toolkit for tunable protein expression during <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies of <i>Burkholderia cenocepacia</i>.

Applied and environmental microbiology·2026
Same author

Opsonization Improves Dual Proteomic Analysis of <i>Burkholderia cenocepacia</i> Infections.

Journal of proteome research·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 30, 2025

A Visual Assay to Monitor T6SS-mediated Bacterial Competition
08:45

A Visual Assay to Monitor T6SS-mediated Bacterial Competition

Published on: March 20, 2013

16.1K

An intra-bacterial activity for a T3SS effector.

Samir El Qaidi1, Nichollas E Scott2, Michael P Hays1

  • 1College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.

Scientific Reports
|January 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors, like NleB, can glycosylate bacterial proteins, enhancing their function. This study reveals the first intra-bacterial activity of a T3SS effector, impacting bacterial physiology and survival.

More Related Videos

Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions
12:23

Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions

Published on: October 13, 2015

8.8K
Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing
10:29

Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing

Published on: July 6, 2016

11.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 30, 2025

A Visual Assay to Monitor T6SS-mediated Bacterial Competition
08:45

A Visual Assay to Monitor T6SS-mediated Bacterial Competition

Published on: March 20, 2013

16.1K
Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions
12:23

Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions

Published on: October 13, 2015

8.8K
Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing
10:29

Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing

Published on: July 6, 2016

11.0K

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Gram-negative bacterial pathogens utilize type III secretion systems (T3SS) to inject effector proteins into host cells.
  • Some T3SS effectors are glycosyltransferases that modify host proteins with N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc), disrupting host immune responses.
  • T3SS effectors are generally considered inactive within the bacterium until secreted.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify glycosylation substrates of NleB orthologs using mass spectrometry.
  • To investigate the intra-bacterial activity and physiological role of T3SS effectors.
  • To explore the function of arginine-GlcNAcylation in bacterial regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Mass spectrometry-based proteomics to identify NleB glycosylation targets.
  • Biochemical assays to measure enzyme activity.
  • Bacterial survival assays under oxidative stress conditions.

Main Results:

  • Bacterial glutathione synthetase (GshB) was identified as a substrate glycosylated by NleB at arginine residue R256.
  • NleB-mediated glycosylation enhanced GshB activity, increasing glutathione production.
  • This intra-bacterial glycosylation promoted Citrobacter rodentium survival during oxidative stress.

Conclusions:

  • T3SS effectors can exhibit enzymatic activity within the bacterial cytoplasm.
  • Arginine-GlcNAcylation is not restricted to host cells and plays a role in regulating bacterial physiology.
  • This finding redefines the known functions of T3SS effectors and post-translational modifications in bacteria.