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Genomics02:02

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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A population is composed of members of the same species that simultaneously live and interact in the same area. When individuals in a population breed, they pass down their genes to their offspring. Many of these genes are polymorphic, meaning that they occur in multiple variants. Such variations of a gene are referred to as alleles. The collective set of all the alleles within a population is known as the gene pool.
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Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Population Genomics in the Great Apes.

David Castellano1, Kasper Munch2

  • 1Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|January 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Great apes are vital model organisms due to their shared genetics with humans. Comparative genomics reveals how similar genomes evolve under different population dynamics, offering insights into human evolution.

Keywords:
DemographyDistribution of fitness effectsGreat apesIncomplete lineage sortingPopulation genomicsRecombinationSelective sweepsX chromosome

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Primatology

Background:

  • Great apes are crucial model organisms for understanding human genetics and evolution.
  • They share a significant portion of their genetic makeup with humans, enabling comparative studies.
  • Previous sequencing projects have provided reference genomes and diversity data for multiple great ape species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline findings from population genomic analyses of great apes.
  • To explore how comparative studies enhance understanding of evolutionary forces shaping ape genomes.
  • To investigate the genetic basis of human-like traits using great ape models.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic analysis between humans and great apes.
  • Population genomic studies utilizing sequencing data from chimpanzee, orangutan, gorilla, and bonobo.
  • Analysis of evolutionary forces such as demography, selection, recombination, and admixture.

Main Results:

  • Great apes serve as natural experiments for studying genome evolution under varying population genetic regimes.
  • Comparative genomics highlights how similar genomes respond differently to evolutionary pressures.
  • Population genomic data reveals insights into the shaping of great ape genomes and genetic diversity.

Conclusions:

  • Great apes are invaluable for understanding fundamental evolutionary processes.
  • Comparative genomic studies provide a unique lens into the divergence and adaptation of primate genomes.
  • The genetic similarity between humans and great apes facilitates the study of human-specific traits and evolution.