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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Testosterone: Functions and Regulation01:26

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The intricate hormonal interplay essential for male reproductive health begins with the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus. This hormone prompts the pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). LH targets the Leydig cells in the testes, stimulating them to produce and release testosterone. In concert with testosterone, FSH acts on the Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules to facilitate the release of...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

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Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
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Updated: Dec 30, 2025

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Thyroid hormone action in the developing testis: intergenerational epigenetics.

Arturo Hernandez1,2,3, Maria Elena Martinez1

  • 1Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine, USA.

The Journal of Endocrinology
|January 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormone disruption during male development critically impacts testis function and sperm epigenetics. This can lead to fertility issues and affect offspring development across generations.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology and endocrinology
  • Developmental biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Male fertility relies on precise testicular development, hormonal support, and germ-somatic cell communication.
  • Sperm epigenome carries heritable information influencing offspring traits and disease susceptibility.
  • Environmental and endogenous factors can alter germline epigenome, impacting fertility and intergenerational health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the role of thyroid hormones in male reproductive health.
  • To discuss the pathophysiological determinants of thyroid hormone action in the testis.
  • To explore the impact of thyroid hormone on the male germline epigenome and intergenerational effects.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent findings on thyroid hormone action in the male reproductive axis.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the determinants of testicular thyroid hormone signaling.
  • Discussion of research on thyroid hormone's effects on male germline epigenetics.

Main Results:

  • Untimely thyroid hormone action profoundly affects testis size, spermatogenesis, steroidogenesis, and reproductive hormones.
  • Altered thyroid hormone states can modify the male germline epigenome.
  • These epigenetic changes have phenotypic consequences for future generations.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormones are critical regulators of male reproductive development and fertility.
  • Disruptions in thyroid hormone action can lead to both direct testicular dysfunction and heritable epigenetic alterations.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for addressing male infertility and intergenerational health.