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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 30, 2025

A Method for Targeted 16S Sequencing of Human Milk Samples
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Current Practice in Untargeted Human Milk Metabolomics.

Isabel Ten-Doménech1, Victoria Ramos-Garcia1, José David Piñeiro-Ramos1

  • 1Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain.

Metabolites
|January 26, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Human milk (HM) analysis is challenging due to its complex composition. This review highlights advanced metabolomics techniques for understanding HM variability and provides recommendations for future research.

Keywords:
capillary electrophoresis – mass spectrometry (CE-MS)extractiongas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS)human milkliquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS)metabolomenuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)sampling

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Nutritional Science
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Human milk (HM) is crucial for infant nutrition, containing diverse nutrients and bioactive compounds.
  • Analyzing HM's complex and dynamic composition presents significant scientific challenges.
  • Metabolomics offers advanced tools to explore the variability in HM composition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state-of-the-art in untargeted metabolomic studies of human milk.
  • To critically assess and compare existing workflows for HM metabolomics, focusing on sampling, extraction, and analysis.
  • To evaluate the metabolome coverage achievable with current methodologies and provide recommendations for future studies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of untargeted metabolomic studies on human milk.
  • Critical comparison of different metabolomics platforms and workflows.
  • Assessment of sampling, sample preparation, and data analysis strategies.

Main Results:

  • Novel metabolomics techniques have significantly advanced the understanding of human milk composition.
  • Existing workflows vary in efficiency and metabolome coverage.
  • Standardization of methods is needed for robust and comparable results.

Conclusions:

  • Untargeted metabolomics is a powerful approach for characterizing human milk.
  • Careful consideration of sampling, extraction, and analysis is crucial for comprehensive results.
  • Standardized protocols and further methodological development are recommended for future human milk metabolomics research.