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The Potyviruses: An Evolutionary Synthesis Is Emerging.

Adrian J Gibbs1, Mohammad Hajizadeh2, Kazusato Ohshima3,4

  • 1Emeritus Faculty, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.

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|January 26, 2020
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Summary

This review explores the evolutionary history of potyviruses, RNA-genome plant viruses, highlighting their aphid transmission and global spread. Understanding potyvirus evolution aids in defining species and managing plant diseases.

Keywords:
evolutionmetagenomesphylogeneticspopulation geneticspotyviridspotyvirusesrecombinationspeciation

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Virology
  • Plant pathology

Background:

  • Potyvirids are a diverse family of plant-infecting RNA viruses with a single polyphyletic origin.
  • The largest genus, potyviruses, comprises over 150 distinct species worldwide, primarily transmitted by aphids.
  • Understanding their evolutionary pathways is crucial for comprehending their biology, distribution, and host interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the evolutionary pathways of potyvirids, focusing on the potyviruses genus.
  • To investigate the genetic similarities and differences, origins, and spread of potyviruses.
  • To explore the role of evolutionary pressures and human activities in potyvirus diversification and distribution.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on potyvirid evolution, genetics, and epidemiology.
  • Analysis of molecular data, including gene conservation and selection pressures (dN/dS ratios).
  • Examination of phylogenetic relationships and speciation mechanisms, including recombination.

Main Results:

  • Potyviruses likely originated 15,000-30,000 years ago in Eurasia, acquiring aphid transmissibility.
  • All potyvirus genomes are under negative selection, with specific genes (HC-Pro, CP, Nia, NIb) showing strong conservation.
  • Recombination is common but not a primary driver of speciation; human activities have significantly facilitated global spread.

Conclusions:

  • Evolutionary analysis provides insights into potyvirus diversity, host specificity, and transmission dynamics.
  • dN/dS estimates can inform species boundary definitions within potyvirus populations.
  • Seed transmission may play a more significant role in global potyvirus distribution than previously thought.