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Are we approaching a post-monolithic era?

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  • 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.

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Polymer-based monolithic stationary phases offer versatile applications in chromatography. This review highlights challenges like repeatability and efficiency, proposing solutions to enhance their performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Monolithic stationary phases, developed 30 years ago, offer unique advantages over conventional particulate materials due to their continuous internal structure.
  • Polymer monoliths are particularly versatile, enabling applications in chromatography, sample enrichment, enzymatic reactors, and responsive materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of polymer-based monolithic stationary phases on their 30th anniversary.
  • To identify and discuss key challenges hindering their widespread adoption and performance.
  • To propose strategies for overcoming these limitations and expanding their applicability.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and research on polymer-based monolithic stationary phases.
  • Analysis of performance metrics including preparation repeatability, porous properties, swelling, and column efficiency.
  • Identification of heterogeneity in flow-through pores as a critical issue.

Main Results:

  • Polymer monoliths provide unique hydrodynamic and analytical possibilities compared to particulate phases.
  • Current polymer monoliths lag behind superficially porous and sub-2 µm particles in terms of efficiency for small molecules.
  • Key challenges include preparation repeatability, control over porous properties, polymer swelling in organic solvents, and pore heterogeneity.

Conclusions:

  • Despite challenges, polymer-based monolithic stationary phases remain important chromatographic materials.
  • Addressing issues of heterogeneity, repeatability, and efficiency is crucial for future development.
  • Proposed approaches aim to enhance stationary phase heterogeneity, thereby increasing applicability.