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Related Concept Videos

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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
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The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a...
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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

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Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 30, 2025

Protection of H9c2 Myocardial Cells from Oxidative Stress by Crocetin via PINK1/Parkin Pathway-Mediated Mitophagy
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The PINK1-Parkin axis: An Overview.

Keiji Tanaka1

  • 1Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan.

Neuroscience Research
|January 27, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The PINK1-Parkin pathway is crucial for clearing damaged mitochondria (mitophagy) in neurons. Its deficiency causes early-onset Parkinson

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms and dopaminergic neuron loss.
  • Familial PD is linked to mutations in specific genes, including Parkin and PINK1.
  • Parkin and PINK1 proteins are key players in the cellular process of mitophagy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the progression of research on the PINK1-Parkin pathway.
  • To highlight the role of the PINK1-Parkin axis in neuronal mitophagy.
  • To discuss the implications of PINK1-Parkin pathway deficiency in early-onset PD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on Parkin and PINK1.
  • Analysis of the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy.
Keywords:
AR-JPAutophagyMitophagyPINK1ParkinParkinson’s diseaseProteasomeUbiquitin

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  • Discussion of familial Parkinson's disease genetics.

    • Main Results:

    • Parkin (ubiquitin-protein ligase) and PINK1 (protein kinase) cooperate to clear damaged mitochondria.
    • The PINK1-Parkin axis acts as the central machinery for neuronal mitophagy.
    • Defects in this pathway lead to early-onset Parkinson's disease.

    Conclusions:

    • The PINK1-Parkin pathway is essential for maintaining mitochondrial quality in neurons.
    • Dysfunction of this pathway is a significant cause of familial Parkinson's disease.
    • Continued research into PINK1-Parkin mitophagy may reveal new therapeutic targets for PD.