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The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
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Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
Blebbing Through the Matrix
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The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
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Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
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Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
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In animal cells, the cleavage furrow forms along the plane of cell division...
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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Cerebellar Regional Dissection for Molecular Analysis
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Cellular Mechanisms Involved in Cerebellar Microzonation.

Constantino Sotelo1

  • 1Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17, rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France; Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, UMH-CSIC, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain.

Neuroscience
|January 27, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The cerebellum

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Early research (Voogd, 1967) described extracerebellar projections, revealing functional zones in the cerebellum.
  • Biochemical heterogeneity of Purkinje cells (PCs) was discovered (Gravel et al., 1987) using monoclonal antibodies.
  • Antigen expression in PCs created parasagittal patterns, dividing the cerebellar cortex into longitudinal compartments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence supporting the role of Purkinje cells in cerebellar microzonation during development.
  • To discuss the "matching" hypothesis correlating projection maps and biochemical compartments.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cerebellar development and organization.
  • Analysis of studies on extracerebellar projections and Purkinje cell antigen expression.

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  • Correlation of projection maps with biochemical compartments in the adult cerebellum.

    • Main Results:

    • Extracerebellar projection maps and Purkinje cell biochemical compartments show congruent parasagittal organization.
    • These maps perfectly match in the adult cerebellum, suggesting shared developmental mechanisms.
    • Purkinje cells are proposed to be essential organizers of cerebellar microzonation.

    Conclusions:

    • The cerebellum's organization is complex, with distinct functional zones.
    • Purkinje cells play a critical role in establishing cerebellar microzonation during development.
    • The "matching" hypothesis provides a framework for understanding cerebellar developmental mechanisms.