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Cholinergic antagonists—such as antimuscarinics—are available in oral, topical, ocular, parenteral, and inhalational formulations. Most antimuscarinics are oral formulations,  while scopolamine is available as a topical patch, and ipratropium and tiotropium are available as inhalation aerosols or powders. Atropine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate are topically instilled in the eye. Most antimuscarinics are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and...
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Chloropicrin-induced toxicity in the respiratory system.

M Pesonen1, K Vähäkangas1

  • 1Faculty of Health Science, School of Pharmacy/Toxicology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.

Toxicology Letters
|January 27, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Chloropicrin exposure, mainly through inhalation, significantly impacts the respiratory system, causing irritation and potentially severe injury. This review details chloropicrin

Keywords:
Acute exposureIrritantMechanism(s)of toxicityPesticideWarfare agent

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Environmental Health
  • Occupational Safety

Background:

  • Chloropicrin is a volatile chemical used as a pesticide and formerly as a warfare agent.
  • Occupational exposure during manufacturing, transport, and fumigation is the primary human exposure route.
  • Inhalation is the main route for systemic exposure, targeting the respiratory system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on chloropicrin toxicity, focusing on its effects on the respiratory system.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying acute chloropicrin-induced respiratory toxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific data on chloropicrin toxicity.
  • Emphasis on studies detailing respiratory system effects and mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Low-level exposure causes reversible upper respiratory tract and eye irritation.
  • Severe exposure leads to respiratory tract injuries, inflammation, and potentially fatal edema.
  • Mechanisms include oxidative stress, macromolecular damage, mutations, organelle dysfunction, and cell death.

Conclusions:

  • Chloropicrin poses significant risks to the respiratory system, with effects ranging from irritation to severe injury.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms is crucial for developing protective strategies against chloropicrin toxicity.