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Related Concept Videos

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force...
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Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: Problem Solving01:20

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Individual molecules in a gas move in random directions, but a gas containing numerous molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds, which is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, f(v).
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Errors in Global Positioning System01:26

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Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has revolutionized navigation and positioning, but its accuracy is often compromised by various errors. These errors, stemming from environmental, satellite, and receiver-related factors, require careful mitigation to ensure reliable performance across applications.Atmospheric ErrorsGPS signals travel through the Earth’s ionosphere and troposphere, introducing delays which affect accuracy. The ionosphere is strongly influenced by charged particles,...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Momentum And Radiation Pressure01:20

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An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 30, 2025

Effective Analysis of Human Exposure Conditions with Body-worn Dosimeters in the 2.4 GHz Band
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Solar Energetic Particle Forecasting Algorithms and Associated False Alarms.

B Swalwell1, S Dalla1, R W Walsh1

  • 1Jeremiah Horrocks Institute, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE UK.

Solar Physics
|January 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Forecasting solar energetic particle (SEP) events can be improved by combining solar flare and coronal mass ejection (CME) data. A new algorithm using both parameters reduces false alarms and improves SEP event prediction accuracy.

Keywords:
Coronal mass ejectionsFalse alarmsSolar energetic particlesSolar flares

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Area of Science:

  • Space Physics
  • Solar Physics
  • Astrophysics

Background:

  • Solar energetic particle (SEP) events are associated with solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs).
  • Some high-energy solar events do not produce detectable SEPs at Earth, termed "false alarms."
  • Accurate forecasting of SEP events is crucial for space weather prediction and mitigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate simple SEP forecasting algorithms based on fast CMEs or X-class flares.
  • To analyze the parameters of solar events that produce SEPs versus those that result in false alarms.
  • To develop and assess an improved SEP forecasting algorithm combining CME and flare parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of historical datasets of solar flares and CMEs.
  • Definition and testing of two SEP forecasting algorithms based on fast CMEs and X-class flares.
  • Development of a new algorithm integrating both CME and flare characteristics for prediction.

Main Results:

  • A fast CME-based algorithm yielded fewer false alarms (28.8%) than an X-class flare algorithm (50.6%).
  • Both simple algorithms failed to forecast a significant percentage of SEP events (over 50%).
  • The combined CME and flare algorithm reduced the false alarm ratio to 29.6% and missed SEP events to 32.4%.

Conclusions:

  • Forecasting SEP events solely on fast CMEs or X-class flares is insufficient.
  • Combining CME and flare parameters significantly improves SEP event forecasting accuracy.
  • The developed combined algorithm offers a more reliable approach to predicting SEP events.