Systemic hypereosinophilic syndromes: when autoimmunity is Th2 mediated

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Autoimmune Diseases
• Allergy and Asthma

Background:

• Hypereosinophilia presents diverse clinical conditions with significant epidemiological impact.
• Autoimmune diseases can involve Th2 cell responses, including eosinophilic conditions like eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the role of Th2 cells and autoimmune mechanisms in hypereosinophilia.
• To explore the involvement of innate lymphoid cells and Th1/Th17 cells in hypereosinophilic syndrome pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

• Review of recent evidence on pathogenic autoantibodies against eosinophil proteins.
• Analysis of cellular and molecular mechanisms in hypereosinophilic syndrome.

Main Results:

• Pathogenic autoantibodies against eosinophil proteins are implicated in severe asthma and eosinophilic vasculitis.
• Type 2 innate lymphoid cells and Th1/Th17 cells are central to hypereosinophilic syndrome pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

• Understanding the cellular and molecular pathways of hypereosinophilic syndrome is crucial.
• Targeting specific cytokines and factors involved in pathogenesis enables new biologic therapies.