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Related Concept Videos

Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:25

Aromatic Compounds: Overview

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In general, the term ‘aromatic’ indicates a pleasant smell or fragrance from fresh flowers, freshly prepared coffee, etc. In the early history of organic chemistry, many benzene derivatives were isolated from the pleasant odor oils of the plants. For example, vanillin was isolated from the oil of vanilla, methyl salicylate from the oil of wintergreen, and cinnamaldehyde from the oil of cinnamon. They all had a pleasant odor; hence the name aromatic was given.
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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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Gustation01:43

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Gustation is a chemical sense that, along with olfaction (smell), contributes to our perception of taste. It starts with the activation of receptors by chemical compounds (tastants) dissolved in the saliva. The saliva and filiform papillae on the tongue distribute the tastants and increase their exposure to the taste receptors.
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Unrenewable Cells

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In humans, the photoreceptor cells of the eye and sensory hair cells of the ear lack stem cells. These cells are thus unrenewable and cannot be replaced when they are damaged or destroyed.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 30, 2025

Fruit Volatile Analysis Using an Electronic Nose
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Towards renewable flavors, fragrances, and beyond.

Jong-Won Lee1, Cong T Trinh2

  • 1Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.

Current Opinion in Biotechnology
|January 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Microbial cell factories offer a sustainable alternative for producing natural esters, meeting increasing global demand for flavors and fragrances. This technology promises renewable ester production beyond natural supply limitations.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Industrial Microbiology

Background:

  • Esters are versatile molecules with diverse applications including flavors, fragrances, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, green solvents, and biofuels.
  • There is a growing global demand for natural esters across various industries, but natural sources have limited supply.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight recent advancements in microbial ester production.
  • To provide perspectives on improving the economic feasibility of microbial ester production.

Main Methods:

  • Development of novel microbial cell factories.
  • Utilizing renewable feedstocks for ester synthesis.

Main Results:

  • Microbial production platforms enable the synthesis of esters from renewable resources.
  • Advances in microbial ester production are paving the way for sustainable and scalable manufacturing.

Conclusions:

  • Microbial ester production offers a sustainable and alternative source for natural esters, addressing supply limitations.
  • Maturing microbial production platforms will enable renewable manufacturing of flavors and fragrances, creating new market opportunities.