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Related Concept Videos

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

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A salamander that chews using complex, three-dimensional mandible movements.

Daniel Schwarz1, Nicolai Konow2, Yonas Tolosa Roba3

  • 1Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Erbertstrasse 1, 07743 Jena, Germany daniel.schwarz@uni-jena.de.

The Journal of Experimental Biology
|January 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Complex 3D chewing, once thought unique to mammals, is demonstrated in the salamander Siren intermedia. This finding suggests sophisticated jaw movements evolved earlier in tetrapod evolution.

Keywords:
AmphibiaFeedingForm and functionFunctional morphologyIntraoral food processingKinematics

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Area of Science:

  • * Vertebrate Paleontology
  • * Comparative Biomechanics
  • * Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • * Non-mammal tetrapods typically exhibit simple, vertical jaw movements for feeding.
  • * Complex three-dimensional (3D) jaw motions, including propalinal and transverse movements, are characteristic of mammals.
  • * Lissamphibians and sauropsids are generally believed to swallow food largely unreduced, with limited chewing capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the intraoral food processing and jaw kinematics of the paedomorphic salamander *Siren intermedia*.
  • * To determine if complex 3D jaw movements occur in non-mammalian tetrapods.
  • * To challenge the prevailing view that advanced chewing mechanisms are exclusive to mammals.

Main Methods:

  • * Combined 3D kinematics using biplanar high-speed video fluoroscopy.
  • * Morphological analyses utilizing micro-computed tomography.
  • * Analysis of mandibular motion in three planes (vertical, propalinal, transverse).

Main Results:

  • * *Siren intermedia* engages in intraoral food processing.
  • * The salamander possesses an elaborated jaw joint morphology.
  • * This morphology facilitates complex 3D mandibular movements, enabling sophisticated chewing.

Conclusions:

  • * Complex 3D chewing is not exclusive to mammals.
  • * Sophisticated jaw movement mechanisms may have evolved earlier in tetrapod evolution.
  • * *Siren intermedia* provides evidence for early evolution of complex feeding strategies.