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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Phagocytosis00:41

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Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”) is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects—such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
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Phagocytosis00:41

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Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis ("cellular eating") is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects, such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
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Maturation of Endosomes01:28

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The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
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Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Inducing Complete Polyp Regeneration from the Aboral Physa of the Starlet Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis
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Autophagy in animal development.

Elizabeth A Allen1, Eric H Baehrecke2

  • 1Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 423 Lazare Research Building, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, MA, 01655, USA.

Cell Death and Differentiation
|January 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Macroautophagy (autophagy) is crucial for development, clearing damaged cells and organelles. Research highlights its role in preventing diseases like neurodegeneration and autoimmunity.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Macroautophagy (autophagy) is a fundamental cellular process for degrading and recycling intracellular components via the lysosome.
  • Autophagy plays diverse roles during organismal development, including nutrient recycling, programmed cell death, and organelle quality control.
  • Recent advances in developmental biology have significantly deepened our understanding of autophagy's mechanisms and its links to disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of key developmental processes mediated by autophagy across various animal models.
  • To elucidate the fundamental mechanisms controlling autophagy during development and their contribution to disease.
  • To highlight the role of autophagy in specific developmental events such as mitochondrial clearance and protein aggregate removal.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental findings from developmental biology research focusing on animal models.
  • Analysis of studies investigating autophagy's role in embryonic development and tissue remodeling.
  • Examination of genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy-dependent processes.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy is essential for removing paternally inherited mitochondria and clearing protein aggregates during development.
  • Defects in autophagy-mediated clearance of mitochondria or protein aggregates are linked to mitochondrial diseases and neurodegeneration.
  • Autophagy collaborates with apoptosis to ensure proper tissue remodeling and clearance of cellular debris, with defects contributing to inflammation and autoimmunity.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagy is a critical regulator of multiple developmental processes, essential for cellular and organismal homeostasis.
  • Dysfunctional autophagy during development has significant implications for human health, contributing to various pathologies.
  • Understanding autophagy's developmental roles provides insights into preventing and treating diseases linked to impaired cellular clearance mechanisms.