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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Type 1 Diabetes: Disease Stratification.

Richard Insel1, Sanjoy Dutta2, Joseph Hedrick3

  • 1Insel Consulting LLC, Rochester, NY, USA.

Biomedicine Hub
|January 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Type 1 diabetes is a disease continuum. Biomarkers help stage disease and stratify patients, enabling precision medicine for prevention and treatment.

Keywords:
AutoantibodiesAutoimmune processBeta cellBiomarkersDysglycemiaStagingStratificationType 1 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes involves immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
  • The disease progresses through distinct presymptomatic and symptomatic stages.
  • Heterogeneity in disease progression necessitates advanced stratification methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the utility of prognostic biomarkers in Type 1 diabetes.
  • To emphasize the role of biomarkers in stratifying patients based on disease stage and progression rate.
  • To advocate for precision medicine approaches in Type 1 diabetes management.

Main Methods:

  • Development and application of prognostic biomarkers.
  • Stratification of individuals based on biomarker profiles.
  • Analysis of disease progression rates.

Main Results:

  • Biomarkers enable accurate staging of Type 1 diabetes.
  • Patient stratification addresses disease heterogeneity.
  • Biomarker-guided stratification improves clinical trial design.

Conclusions:

  • Biomarkers are crucial for understanding Type 1 diabetes progression.
  • Stratification using biomarkers facilitates efficient clinical trials.
  • Precision medicine strategies can be advanced through biomarker utilization for prevention and treatment.