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Related Concept Videos

Enzyme-linked Receptors01:00

Enzyme-linked Receptors

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Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...
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Enzyme Kinetics01:19

Enzyme Kinetics

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Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The speed at which the enzyme turns reactants into products is called the rate of reaction. Several factors impact the rate of reaction, including the number of available reactants. Enzyme kinetics is the study of how an enzyme changes the rate of a reaction.
Scientists typically study enzyme kinetics with a fixed amount of enzyme in the controlled environment of a test tube. When more reactant, or substrate, is...
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Introduction to Enzymes01:22

Introduction to Enzymes

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The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Wilhelm Kuhne coined the term 'enzyme' in 1877 from the Greek words ‘en’ meaning ‘in’ or ‘within’ and ‘zyme’ meaning ‘yeast.’
Most enzymes are proteins that speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed. Enzymes contain one or more active sites that...
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Catalytically Perfect Enzymes01:07

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

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The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.
 
Most enzymes...
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Enzyme Inhibition01:30

Enzyme Inhibition

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Inhibitors are molecules that reduce enzyme activity by binding to the enzyme. In a normally functioning cell, enzymes are regulated by a variety of inhibitors. Drugs and other toxins can also inhibit enzymes. Some inhibitors bind to the enzyme’s active site, while others inhibit enzymatic activity by binding to other sites on the protein structure.
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Enzymes02:34

Enzymes

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Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Detection of Antibodies That Neutralize the Cellular Uptake of Enzyme Replacement Therapies with a Cell-based Assay
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Single enzyme nanoparticle, an effective tool for enzyme replacement therapy.

Dong Hyun Kim1, Han Sol Lee1, Tae-Wan Kwon1

  • 1College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.

Archives of Pharmacal Research
|January 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Single enzyme nanoparticles (SENs) enhance enzyme properties for improved enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). These engineered enzymes offer better stability and targetability, overcoming limitations of traditional enzyme treatments.

Keywords:
BiologicsEnzyme deficiencyEnzyme replacement therapyEnzyme therapeuticsSingle enzyme nanoparticle

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Nanomedicine
  • Biopharmaceutical Engineering

Background:

  • Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is vital for enzyme-deficiency disorders.
  • Conventional enzyme therapies face challenges like immunogenicity, instability, and poor targetability.
  • Single enzyme nanoparticles (SENs) are engineered single enzyme molecules with enhanced properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the concepts, features, and preparation methods of SENs.
  • To summarize enzyme deficiency disorders and their corresponding therapeutic enzymes.
  • To analyze the current status of SENs in ERT, focusing on FDA-approved products.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on SENs and ERT.
  • Analysis of characteristics and modifications of SENs (e.g., PEGylation, antibody conjugation).
  • Examination of FDA-approved SEN-based ERT products.

Main Results:

  • SENs maintain structure and activity post-modification, offering improved biopharmaceutical properties.
  • Enhanced properties include reduced antigenicity, increased stability, and better targetability.
  • Four FDA-approved SEN products (Adagen®, Revcovi®, Palynziq®, Strensiq®) demonstrate SEN efficacy in ERT.

Conclusions:

  • SEN technology effectively addresses limitations of conventional enzyme therapies in ERT.
  • The success of current SEN products suggests a promising future for broader SEN application in ERT.
  • Further development and approval of SENs for various enzyme deficiencies are anticipated.