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Use of a Symptom Diary on Oncology Wards: Effect on Symptom Management and Recommendations for Implementation
Margriet IJzerman-Korevaar1, Alexander de Graeff, Steffie Heijckmann
1Author Affiliations: Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center (Mrs IJzerman-Korevaar, Dr de Graeff, Mrs Zweers, Mr Vos, and Dr Witteveen), Faculty of Medicine (Mrs Hirdes), and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (Mrs Zweers and Dr Teunissen), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Acute Care/Oncology, Slingeland Medical Center, Doetinchem, the Netherlands (Mrs Heijckmann).
Background:
Management of symptoms is essential in reducing the symptom burden of cancer patients. The effect of symptom diaries on symptom management to date has been evaluated only in ambulatory settings.
Objective:
The aims of this study were to identify the key facilitators for successful implementation of symptom diaries on oncology wards from patients' and professionals' perspectives and to evaluate implementation outcomes.
Methods:
In 2 cycles of action research, the Utrecht Symptom Diary (USD) was implemented on 3 oncology wards and a daycare unit. Key facilitators for implementation were identified by thematic coding of interviews. The effect of the implementation was evaluated in cycle II in a pretest-posttest design. We performed statistical tests (Mann-Whitney/t test/χ2) on Symptom Management Performance items in questionnaires and medical records.
Results:
We interviewed 25 patients, 8 doctors, and 25 nurses. Seven key facilitators for implementation emerged. After implementation of the USD in cycle II, Symptom Management Performance was significantly (P < .05) improved for patients (3/12 items, n = 33 pretest/26 posttest) and professionals (6/12 items, n = 21 pretest/19 posttest). Significantly more symptoms (P = .00), working hypotheses (P = .023), treatment plans (P = .00), and interventions (P = .00) were reported (n = 47 pretest/47 posttest).
Conclusions:
Implementation of the USD significantly improved symptom management in oncology wards. We recommend (1) using a diagnosis-specific diary; (2) making clear, individualized working-arrangements; (3) training professionals; (4) using the plan-do-check-act cycle; (5) acting multidisciplinary; (6) providing guidelines and training; and (7) assuring adequate information communications technology (ICT).
Implications:
Symptom diaries are increasingly used, but implementation is challenging. This study provides knowledge on their benefits and an evidence-based strategy for implementation with positive outcomes achieved in patient care.
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