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Related Concept Videos

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates01:17

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Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Author Spotlight: Optimization of Airflow Velocities in Battery Cooling Systems for Enhanced Thermal Performance and Reduced Energy Consumption
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A Performance-Enhanced Liquid Metal-Based Microheater with Parallel Ventilating Side-Channels.

Lunjia Zhang1,2,3, Pan Zhang1,2, Ronghang Wang1,2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.

Micromachines
|January 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel liquid metal microheater with side-channels prevents void formation and breakage. This design allows stable heating up to 200 °C, enhancing micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) applications.

Keywords:
liquid metal-based microheaterstrapped airventilating side-channelsvoids

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Microfluidics
  • Mechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Gallium-based liquid metals are suitable for microheaters due to electrical heating properties.
  • Conventional liquid metal microheaters fail above 100 °C due to void formation and subsequent breakage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a robust liquid metal microheater resistant to high temperatures.
  • To investigate the mechanisms of void formation and failure in liquid metal microheaters.
  • To assess the mechanical stability and application potential of the novel microheater design.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a microheater with a central liquid metal channel and parallel ventilating side-channels.
  • Integration of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) posts to connect channels via small gaps.
  • High-temperature testing (up to 200 °C) to evaluate thermal stability.
  • Void formation analysis through experimental observation.
  • Mechanical testing including pressing and bending.
  • Application demonstration for warming water on non-flat surfaces.

Main Results:

  • The novel microheater design successfully operated up to 200 °C without damage.
  • Void formation within the heating channel was identified as the primary failure mechanism.
  • The ventilating side-channels effectively mitigate void-induced breakage.
  • The microheater demonstrated excellent mechanical stability under pressing and bending stresses.
  • Successful application in warming water highlights its flexibility on curved surfaces.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed liquid metal microheater with parallel ventilating side-channels offers superior thermal stability and mechanical robustness.
  • This design overcomes the limitations of conventional liquid metal microheaters, enabling higher operating temperatures.
  • The microheater shows significant promise for integration into soft micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) requiring reliable heating components.