Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antidotes01:17

Antidotes

976
Antidotes are medicinal substances used to counteract the harmful effects of toxins or drugs in the body. They function in various ways, each uniquely designed to combat specific toxic compounds.
Specific antidotes operate by inhibiting the enzymes that control biochemical pathways, reducing the production of harmful metabolites.
An example of an antidote is atropine, which counteracts the detrimental effects of cholinesterase inhibitors. It achieves this by deactivating muscarinic receptors,...
976
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

32.7K
Overview
32.7K
Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment01:26

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

1.4K
Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is...
1.4K
Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

3.1K
Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
3.1K
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

1.0K
Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
1.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Antifungal Cyclic Peptides Dinemasporins from the Culture of <i>Dinemasporium parastrigosum</i> KT4144.

Journal of natural products·2026
Same author

Inhibitory Activity of Calcium and Sodium Ion Channels of Neurotoxic <i>Protoplaythoa variabilis</i> V-Shape Helical Peptide Analogs and Their Neuroprotective Effect In Vitro.

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

A TRPV1 agonist from the transcriptome profiling of Dipsastraea rotumana inhibits neuroinflammation in vivo through the NF-κB and MAPK pathways.

Pharmacological research·2025
Same author

Scoliidines: Neuroprotective Peptides in Solitary Scoliid Wasp Venoms.

Toxins·2024
Same author

Analysis of particles containing alpha emitters in stagnant water in Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station's Unit 3 reactor building.

Scientific reports·2024
Same author

Spider and Wasp Acylpolyamines: Venom Components and Versatile Pharmacological Leads, Probes, and Insecticidal Agents.

Toxins·2024
Same journal

Chemical, Biological, and Ecological Evidence for Aerobic Deoxynivalenol Detoxification in Agronomic Soil-Derived Bacterial Communities.

Toxins·2026
Same journal

Botulinum Toxin Treatment for Uncommon Phenotypes of Laryngeal Adductor Breathing Dystonia.

Toxins·2026
Same journal

Enhancing Neuronal Networks with <i>Rhinella schneideri</i> Skin Secretion Molecules: Implications for Neurodegenerative Disorders.

Toxins·2026
Same journal

Dangerous Measures: A Case Report and Review of Motoro Ray Envenomation.

Toxins·2026
Same journal

The Impact of OnabotulinumtoxinA on Oral Pain Medication Prescription Fills and Low-Value Care in Patients with Cervical Dystonia in the United States: A Retrospective Claims Analysis.

Toxins·2026
Same journal

Broad-Spectrum Antiviral and Antibacterial Activity of the Scorpion Venom Peptide HP1090.

Toxins·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects
09:45

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects

Published on: April 21, 2018

13.7K

Arthropod Venom Components and Their Potential Usage.

Gandhi Rádis-Baptista1, Katsuhiro Konno2

  • 1Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute for Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza CE 60165-081, Brazil.

Toxins
|January 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Arthropods are a highly successful animal phylum with millions of species. This diverse group includes arachnids, crustaceans, centipedes, and insects, showcasing remarkable evolutionary success.

More Related Videos

Extraction of Venom and Venom Gland Microdissections from Spiders for Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses
10:25

Extraction of Venom and Venom Gland Microdissections from Spiders for Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses

Published on: November 3, 2014

34.3K
Author Spotlight: Optimizing Scorpion Venom Extraction for Antivenom Production
05:27

Author Spotlight: Optimizing Scorpion Venom Extraction for Antivenom Production

Published on: October 6, 2023

4.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects
09:45

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects

Published on: April 21, 2018

13.7K
Extraction of Venom and Venom Gland Microdissections from Spiders for Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses
10:25

Extraction of Venom and Venom Gland Microdissections from Spiders for Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses

Published on: November 3, 2014

34.3K
Author Spotlight: Optimizing Scorpion Venom Extraction for Antivenom Production
05:27

Author Spotlight: Optimizing Scorpion Venom Extraction for Antivenom Production

Published on: October 6, 2023

4.0K

Area of Science:

  • Zoology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Biodiversity Studies

Background:

  • Arthropods represent a major phylum in the animal kingdom, characterized by their exoskeletons, segmented bodies, and jointed appendages.
  • This phylum has achieved remarkable evolutionary success, diversifying into millions of species across diverse habitats worldwide.
  • The phylum Arthropoda is traditionally classified into four subphyla: Chelicerata (arachnids), Crustacea, Myriapoda (centipedes), and Hexapoda (insects).

Discussion:

  • The evolutionary success of arthropods can be attributed to various factors, including their exoskeleton, body segmentation, and specialized appendages, which facilitate adaptation to a wide range of ecological niches.
  • Understanding the phylogenetic relationships and diversification patterns within Arthropoda is crucial for comprehending macroevolutionary trends and the history of life on Earth.
  • Comparative studies across the subphyla can reveal conserved and divergent genetic mechanisms underlying key arthropod innovations.

Key Insights:

  • Arthropods are a dominant and highly successful phylum, comprising over 80% of known animal species.
  • The phylum's classification into Chelicerata, Crustacea, Myriapoda, and Hexapoda reflects major evolutionary lineages.
  • Their diverse morphologies and ecological roles underscore their significant impact on global ecosystems.

Outlook:

  • Future research will continue to explore the genetic basis of arthropod diversity and adaptation.
  • Investigating the evolutionary history of arthropods provides insights into broader patterns of animal evolution.
  • Understanding arthropod biology is essential for fields ranging from ecology and agriculture to medicine.