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Parental Care00:55

Parental Care

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Many animals exhibit parental care behavior, including feeding, grooming, and protecting young offspring. Parental care is universal in mammals and birds, which often have young that are born relatively helpless. Several species of insects and fish, as well as some amphibians, also care for their young.
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Maintenance of high-density lipoprotein blood levels prior to spontaneous abortion in pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Laparoscopic Technique for Serial Collection of Liver and Mesenteric Lymph Nodes in Macaques
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Parturition in Macaca nemestrina.

Beth L Goodlin1, Gene P Sackett1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Regional Primate Research Center, and Child Development and Mental Retardation Center, University of Washington, Seattle.

American Journal of Primatology
|January 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Documenting pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) parturition reveals delivery timing and behavior predict pregnancy risk. Simple observations offer valuable data for identifying high-risk pregnancies in this species.

Keywords:
Macaca nemestrinabehaviorcircadian rhythmdirect observationnewborn statuspig‐tailed macaquepregnancyreproductive risk

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Area of Science:

  • Primate reproductive biology
  • Veterinary obstetrics
  • Animal behavior

Background:

  • Understanding normative parturition in non-human primates is crucial for reproductive health.
  • Identifying risk factors for poor pregnancy outcomes aids in developing preventative strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document the typical course of parturition in pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina).
  • To identify factors correlated with high-risk pregnancies and poor outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Weekly physical examinations and diurnal sleep-wake patterns during the third trimester.
  • Behavioral observations during labor and delivery.
  • Analysis of newborn characteristics (sex, Apgar, birthweight, reflexes).

Main Results:

  • Labor onset estimated 3-4 hours pre-delivery, with active labor averaging 92 minutes.
  • Modal delivery time between 2200-2400 hr; most infants presented in cranial-anterior-anterior position.
  • High-risk females were more likely to deliver post-midnight and exhibited less labor-specific behavior.
  • Infants of high-risk females delivered post-midnight had lower Apgar scores and more bruising.

Conclusions:

  • Simple observational methods can yield quantitative data on parturition.
  • Delivery timing and maternal behavior are correlated with reproductive risk factors in macaques.
  • Findings suggest high-risk pregnancies may involve more challenging deliveries.