RF hyperthermia by encapsulated Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles induces cancer cell death via time-dependent caspase-3 activation

Aim: To explore the optimum temperature for cancer cell death using magnetic hyperthermia (MH), which in turn will affect the mode of cell death. Method: The focus of this study is to improve upon the existing methodology for the synthesis of chitosan encapsulated Fe₃O₄. MH was done at different temperatures. The cell death pathway was explored using flow cytometry and western blot. Results: Coated Fe₃O₄ exhibited low cytotoxicity, high stability and heating efficiency. MH at 43°C was the optimum temperature for robust cell death. Cell death pathway suggested that during the initial stages of recovery, apoptosis was the main mode of cell death. While at later stages, major apoptosis and minor necrosis were observed. Conclusion: It is important to find out the long-term effect of hyperthermia treatment on cancer cells and their consequences on surrounding healthy cells.