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Related Concept Videos

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
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Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Assessing Insulin Clearance in Mice via In Situ Liver Perfusion
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Published on: December 13, 2024

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Insulin Storage: A Critical Reappraisal.

Lutz Heinemann1, Katarina Braune2, Alan Carter3

  • 1Science Consulting in Diabetes GmbH, Neuss, Germany.

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
|January 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Insulin potency can degrade due to improper storage after dispensing, impacting diabetes management. More research and clear guidelines are needed for safe insulin use and precise dosing.

Keywords:
HPLCdiabetes therapyinsulininsulin concentrationinsulin stabilityinsulin therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Science
  • Endocrinology
  • Diabetes Care

Background:

  • Insulin, a critical peptide hormone for diabetes management, requires specific storage conditions to maintain stability and potency.
  • Environmental factors during storage, particularly after dispensing, can compromise insulin efficacy.
  • Current knowledge on insulin stability post-dispensing and during patient handling is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the gap in understanding insulin stability under real-world storage conditions.
  • To emphasize the need for improved awareness and guidelines regarding insulin storage for people with diabetes (PwD).
  • To advocate for greater transparency on factors affecting insulin potency.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on insulin stability, storage recommendations, and current guidelines.
  • Analysis of the impact of environmental factors on insulin potency.
  • Identification of inconsistencies in health organization guidelines and manufacturer information.

Main Results:

  • Insulin potency is vulnerable to environmental factors during storage after dispensing.
  • Storage recommendations are often not followed in household settings or during patient transport.
  • There is a lack of consistent, practical guidance on optimal insulin storage and a difficulty in assessing potency changes in clinical practice.

Conclusions:

  • Improper insulin storage poses a risk to precise diabetes dosing and patient outcomes.
  • Enhanced transparency, professional awareness, and clear practical guidelines are crucial for ensuring insulin efficacy.
  • Further research is needed to quantify the impact of various storage conditions on insulin stability.