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Related Concept Videos

Endocarditis I: Introduction01:25

Endocarditis I: Introduction

324
Introduction:Endocarditis is the infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart and its valves. When the heart muscle is involved, the condition is termed myocarditis, while an infection of the outer lining is called pericarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) primarily affects the endocardium, where pathogens adhere to the valves or lining, forming vegetation that can lead to severe complications. Infective endocarditis occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from other body...
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Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic01:26

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

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Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies.
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Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management01:29

Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management

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Infective endocarditis (IE) is a chronic infection of the heart's endocardium, primarily affecting the heart valves. A detailed nursing assessment for a patient with IE involves collecting subjective and objective data to ensure an accurate diagnosis and timely intervention.Subjective DataThe nurse gathers information about the patient's symptoms and complaints during the subjective assessment. Patients with infective endocarditis often report non-specific symptoms that can mimic other...
263
Endocarditis III: Medical Management01:18

Endocarditis III: Medical Management

173
Infective endocarditis management involves a multifaceted approach encompassing infection prevention, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and surgical management.Infection Prevention:Hand Hygiene: Thorough handwashing is crucial to prevent the spread of infection. Hand hygiene should be performed regularly, especially before and after using the restroom.Oral Hygiene: Good oral hygiene is essential. It includes brushing teeth immediately after waking up and before bed, flossing...
173
Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis01:25

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

308
Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
308
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 29, 2025

An In Vitro Bladder Model of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection
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An In Vitro Bladder Model of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection

Published on: June 24, 2025

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Bacterial external ventricular catheter-associated infection.

Kirsten R I S Dorresteijn1, Matthijs C Brouwer2, Korné Jellema1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands.

Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
|January 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary

External ventricular drain infections occur in 9-20% of patients. Diagnosis relies on CSF culture, with vancomycin and an anti-pseudomonal β-lactam as standard treatment, though multi-drug resistant bacteria pose challenges.

Keywords:
External ventricular catheter-associated infectioncerebrospinal fluiddiagnosistherapyventriculitis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • External ventricular drains (EVDs) are crucial for managing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) but are associated with a significant risk of catheter-associated infections (CAIs), ranging from 9-20%.
  • Bacterial EVD-CAIs present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, impacting patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnostic strategies for bacterial EVD-CAIs.
  • To outline current management protocols for EVD-CAIs.
  • To discuss emerging challenges and preventive measures.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review focusing on diagnostic markers, microbiological investigations, and treatment guidelines for EVD-CAIs.
  • Analysis of current therapeutic approaches, including empiric and targeted antimicrobial therapy.
  • Evaluation of preventive strategies, such as antibiotic-impregnated catheters.

Main Results:

  • No single biomarker reliably differentiates infection from sterile inflammation; CSF culture remains the gold standard for diagnosis.
  • Empiric treatment typically involves vancomycin plus an anti-pseudomonal β-lactam.
  • Increasing multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria complicate treatment efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of EVD-CAIs requires a multi-faceted approach, with CSF culture being paramount.
  • Current treatment regimens are effective but challenged by antimicrobial resistance.
  • Preventive measures, including antibiotic-impregnated drains, are vital for reducing infection incidence.