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Infertility in Males01:23

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
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Reproductive failure in macaques.

Meredith F Small1

  • 1Department of Anthropology and California Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California.

American Journal of Primatology
|January 31, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reproductive failure is common in macaques, with high rates of conceptus loss, abortion, stillbirth, and infant mortality. Social stress and various abnormalities contribute to these significant reproductive challenges.

Keywords:
failure ratesinfertilitymacaquesneonatal deathreproductive failurestillbirth

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Primate Reproductive Biology
  • Animal Conservation

Background:

  • Reproductive failure is a significant issue in both captive and free-ranging macaque populations.
  • Common problems include menstrual irregularities (amenorrhea, anovular cycles), early conceptus loss, and post-implantation abortions.
  • Postpartum mortality is also a concern, particularly for premature infants or those experiencing social stress and trauma.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and quantify the various causes and rates of reproductive failure in macaques.
  • To highlight the impact of maternal, paternal, fetal, and placental factors on reproductive success.
  • To underscore the role of social stress and trauma in postpartum mortality.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive review of published literature on macaque reproduction.
  • Statistical analysis of reported reproductive failure rates from various studies.
  • Identification of common causes for reproductive loss at different stages.

Main Results:

  • Published reports indicate an average of 16.3% abortions, 9.9% stillbirths, 21.9% neonatal deaths, and 15.2% infant deaths.
  • Reproductive failure encompasses losses from pre-implantation to postpartum stages.
  • Abnormalities in maternal, paternal, fetal, or placental factors are key contributors to fetal loss.

Conclusions:

  • Reproductive failure in macaques is multifactorial, affecting all stages of reproduction.
  • High mortality rates necessitate further research into preventative strategies and improved management.
  • Understanding these reproductive challenges is crucial for macaque conservation efforts.