Autonomic Hyperactivity.

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Autonomic Nervous System Disorders
• Neurological Injury

Background:

• Autonomic hyperactivity frequently follows severe acute brain injury.
• It is also observed in spinal cord and peripheral nerve disorders.
• This review covers pathophysiologic concepts, clinical presentations, and management.

Observation:

• Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity is common after traumatic brain injury and other severe brain injuries.
• Diagnostic criteria and grading for paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity are emerging.
• Mechanisms are being elucidated, but treatment relies on observational data.

Findings:

• Distinct forms include autonomic dysreflexia (spinal cord injury) and dysautonomia (Guillain-Barré syndrome).
• Mechanistic understanding of these distinct forms is rudimentary.
• Effective management can mitigate serious complications.

Implications:

• Autonomic hyperactivity syndromes can arise from injuries at any neural axis level.
• Further research is crucial for refining understanding and optimizing patient care.
• Improved insights will guide better management decisions for neurological injury patients.