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Related Concept Videos

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

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The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
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The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

The Nitrogen Cycle

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Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
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Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Protein Film Infrared Electrochemistry Demonstrated for Study of H2 Oxidation by a [NiFe] Hydrogenase
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Electron Transfer in Nitrogenase.

Hannah L Rutledge1, F Akif Tezcan1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0340, United States.

Chemical Reviews
|January 31, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nitrogenase enzymes facilitate essential nitrogen fixation by transferring electrons between Fe-protein and MoFe-protein, driven by ATP hydrolysis. Recent advances clarify electron transfer mechanisms and ATP coupling, offering new research avenues.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Enzymology
  • Bioinorganic Chemistry

Background:

  • Nitrogenase is the sole enzyme catalyzing the vital reduction of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3).
  • This process involves intricate, ATP-dependent electron transfer (ET) from the Fe-protein (reductase) to the MoFe-protein (catalytic component).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent significant advances in understanding nitrogenase's electron transfer and ATP hydrolysis mechanisms.
  • To highlight structural, thermodynamic, and mechanistic insights into nitrogenase function.

Main Methods:

  • Review of structural and thermodynamic data of nitrogenase component proteins and complexes.
  • Analysis of recent findings on the mechanism of electron transfer and ATP coupling.
  • Discussion of novel chemical, photochemical, and electrochemical methods.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress in elucidating the orchestration of electron transfer from Fe-protein to MoFe-protein.
  • New insights into how ATP hydrolysis energy transduces and couples to ET processes.
  • Development of methods to uncouple substrate reduction from ATP hydrolysis.

Conclusions:

  • Recent research has substantially advanced the understanding of nitrogenase's complex catalytic mechanism.
  • New experimental approaches offer promising avenues for future mechanistic studies of nitrogen fixation.