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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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Updated: Dec 29, 2025

Identifying PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors with Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology
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Neoadjuvant checkpoint blockade for cancer immunotherapy.

Suzanne L Topalian1,2, Janis M Taube2,3, Drew M Pardoll2,4

  • 1Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. stopali1@jhmi.edu.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
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Neoadjuvant immunotherapy using anti-PD-1/PD-L1 drugs before surgery shows promise for overcoming cancer treatment resistance. Research explores mechanisms and trial designs to enhance efficacy in earlier cancer stages.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1):programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway inhibitors have revolutionized cancer treatment.
  • Despite broad efficacy, many advanced tumors develop resistance to current immunotherapies.
  • Investigating earlier treatment interventions is crucial for improving patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development of neoadjuvant (presurgical) immunotherapy targeting the PD-1 pathway.
  • To highlight key considerations for biological mechanisms, clinical trial design, and pathologic response assessment in neoadjuvant settings.
  • To identify strategies for enhancing anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 efficacy through novel combinations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on neoadjuvant immunotherapy in the context of PD-1 pathway blockade.
  • Analysis of biological mechanisms underlying response and resistance to neoadjuvant immunotherapy.
  • Examination of clinical trial designs and pathologic assessment methods for neoadjuvant immunotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Neoadjuvant immunotherapy represents a promising strategy to overcome treatment resistance in various cancers.
  • Early-stage application of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade may enhance antitumor immunity before tumor progression.
  • Pathologic response assessment is critical for evaluating treatment efficacy and guiding future research.

Conclusions:

  • Neoadjuvant immunotherapy holds significant potential for improving cancer treatment efficacy.
  • Further research into biological mechanisms and optimal trial designs is necessary.
  • Findings may inform the development of combination therapies to boost anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 effectiveness.