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Related Concept Videos

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Carbonation is a process used to dissolve carbon dioxide gas in a liquid, commonly used in the production of carbonated beverages. Achieving efficient carbonation requires careful control of temperature, pressure, and flow conditions. By adjusting these parameters, carbonation efficiency can be maximized, producing a higher concentration of CO2 in the liquid.
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Updated: Dec 29, 2025

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Heat transfer enhancement using CO2 in a natural circulation loop.

L R Thippeswamy1, Ajay Kumar Yadav2

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore, 575025, India.

Scientific Reports
|February 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Carbon dioxide (CO2) significantly enhances heat transfer in natural circulation loops (NCLs). This study shows CO2-based systems outperform water/brine systems by up to 900% across various operating states.

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Natural circulation loops (NCLs) offer reliable, noise-free heat transfer due to their passive operation.
  • The choice of working fluid is critical for optimizing heat transfer performance in NCLs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the heat transfer performance of a natural circulation loop (NCL) using carbon dioxide (CO2) as the working fluid.
  • To compare the performance of CO2 with traditional fluids like water and brine across subcritical and supercritical states.
  • To analyze the effect of operating pressure on the NCL system's heat transfer efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental setup of an NCL with CO2 as the working fluid.
  • Operation across various states: subcooled liquid, two-phase, superheated vapor, and supercritical.
  • Utilized water and methanol as external fluids for temperature control in heat exchangers.
  • Varied operating pressures (35-90 bar) and temperatures for hot (5-70°C) and cold (-18 to 32°C) exchangers.

Main Results:

  • CO2 demonstrated significantly higher heat transfer rates compared to water/brine systems.
  • Maximum heat transfer enhancements reached 400% (subcritical vapor), 500% (subcritical liquid), 900% (two-phase), and 800% (supercritical CO2).
  • Performance varied with CO2's thermodynamic state and operating pressure.

Conclusions:

  • Carbon dioxide is a highly effective working fluid for enhancing heat transfer in natural circulation loops.
  • The use of CO2 offers substantial performance improvements over water and brine, particularly in two-phase and supercritical regimes.
  • NCLs with CO2 present a promising solution for efficient thermal management applications.