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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Selenium is an essential trace element, vital for thyroid hormone metabolism and antioxidant defense via selenoenzymes.
  • Dietary selenium intake varies globally due to soil content and bioavailability, impacting thyroid health.
  • Both insufficient and excessive selenium intake can lead to adverse health effects, highlighting a narrow optimal range.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of selenium in thyroid health.
  • To examine the effects of selenium supplementation on various thyroid conditions.
  • To discuss current recommendations and future directions for selenium use in thyroid disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological studies and clinical trials on selenium and thyroid health.
  • Analysis of data on selenium's biochemical functions related to thyroid hormone activation.
  • Synthesis of evidence regarding selenium supplementation in autoimmune thyroiditis and Graves disease.

Main Results:

  • Low selenium status is associated with increased risk of autoimmune thyroiditis, Graves disease, and goiter.
  • Selenium supplementation in autoimmune thyroiditis generally reduces thyroid autoantibodies but not clinical outcomes.
  • In Graves disease, selenium may improve hyperthyroidism remission rates and mild thyroid eye disease.

Conclusions:

  • Selenium plays a significant role in thyroid function and health.
  • Supplementation shows potential benefits in specific thyroid conditions like Graves disease, particularly for eye complications.
  • Further research is needed to personalize selenium supplementation based on individual selenium status and genetic factors.