Anethole compromises human sperm function by affecting the sperm intracellular calcium concentration and tyrosine...

Anethole is a natural anisole derivative that has been widely used in food and daily chemical industries, agricultural applications and the traditional medicine. It is closely related to aspects of daily life, and humans can easily be exposed to it. Although the reproductive toxicity of anethole was shown in the rat, its effect on human reproduction remains unknown. In this study, we examined the effect of anethole on human sperm in vitro. Different anethole doses (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM) were applied to ejaculated human sperm. Fertilization-essential functions, as well as the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) and tyrosine phosphorylation, two vital factors for regulating sperm function, were measured. The results indicated that 10 and 100 μM anethole significantly reduced the motility, hyperactivation, and penetration ability of human sperm (P < 0.05) and inhibited the increase in human sperm functions induced by progesterone, a hormone essential for sperm function activation. Additionally, 10 and 100 μM anethole decreased both basal and progesterone-increased tyrosine phosphorylation, [Ca²⁺]_i, and the current of CATSPER, a cation channel of sperm predominant for Ca²⁺ influx. These results suggest that anethole inhibits human sperm functions by reducing sperm [Ca²⁺]_i through CATSPER and suppressing tyrosine phosphorylation in vitro, raising the fact that the caution is needed when overtaking anethole.